Fermentation may be carried out as batch,fed-batch or continuous processes or variations of these procedures. Batch culture may be considered as a closed system(except for aeration) containing a limited amount of medium,in which the inoculated culture pas...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    The basic structure of the penicillins is 6-aminopenicillanic acid(6-APA)made up of a thiazolidine ring fused with a β-lactam ring.The 6-amino position carries a variety of acyl substituents.In the absence of addition of side-chain precursors to the ferme...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Although mutagens can be classified into physical (radiation 輻射)and chemical sources,this is not of much relevance to the industrial geneticist. The main reason for choice will be the ability of the chosen technique to generate as wide a spectrum of mutan...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Fluids are described as Newtonian when their flow characteristics obey Newton’s law of viscosity.When a fluid is contained between two parallel plates of area A and distance X apart and if one plate is moved in one direction at a constant velocity,the liq...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Before 1957,L-glutamic acid was produced by the acid hydrolysis of wheat gluten or soybean protein. In 1957,L-glutamic acid-producing microorganisms were isolated and subsequent researches resulted in an economical fermentative process for the production ...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    M.P.Backer,L.S.Metzger,P.L.Slaber,K.L.Nevitt,and G.B.Boder Eli Lilly and Company,Lilly Research Laboratories,Indianapolls,Indiana 46285Accepted for Publication November 30,1987Monoclonal antibodies are being manufactured for clinical trials in suspension ...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    The metabolic process leading to citrate accumulation involves (a) breakdown of hexoses to pyruvate and acetyl CoA,(b) the anaplerotic formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate and CO2,and (c) the accumulation of citrate within the tricarboxylic acid cycle....[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Of the many thousands of microbial species,relatively few are currently exploited.Some important products and producer microorganisms are given in table 1,and while this list is by no means exhaustive it emphasizes the scope of the biotechnology. The prin...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    1.Barley grain is cleaned,graded,and stored before start of malting process.2.Barley is soaked (steeped) in warm water to soften the grain.3. Softened barley remains in scientifically humidity-and temperature-controlled compartments where it germinates.4....[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Traditionally,lager (貯藏啤酒) is produced by bottom-fermenting yeasts at fermentation temperatures between 7 and 15℃,This means that at the end of the fermentation,bottom yeasts floculate (凝聚) and collect at the bottom of the fermenter.Top-fermenting yeasts,...[繼續(xù)閱讀]